How to Know the Butterflies

The Cornell classic that taught America to name what it saw: every eastern butterfly described from life, with its caterpillar, its food-plants, its habits — and how to pronounce its Latin.

The Gossamer-Winged Butterflies

41 butterflies in this part of How to Know the Butterflies.

The Blues (BB Body slenderer colors)

BB. Body slenderer; colors of the upper surface of wings blue or bluish black, p. 244.

The Hair-Streaks

The hair-streaks are distinguished from the other gossamerwinged butterflies by the fact that radius of the fore wings is only…

The Least Purple Hair-Streak

P. 231.

The White-M Hair-Streak

p. 221.

The Olive Hair-Streak (CC Lower surface of hind wings)

CC. Lower surface of hind wings not green.

The Gray Hair-Streak

P. 223.

The Least Purple Hair-Streak (EE Lower surface of wings not)

EE. Lower surface of wings not crossed by bright red band.

The Striped Hair-Streak (AA Hind wings with only)

AA. Hind wings with only a short projection if any at the end of vein Cu₂.

The Banded Elfin (CC The darker band)

CC. The darker band on the basal half of the lower surface of the hind wings very indistinctly or not at all limited toward the base.

The Great Purple Hair-Streak

Atlides halesus (At'li-des ha-le'sus) PLATE XXXIII, FIG. 3, 4 This is the largest of our Eastern hair-streaks, having an expanse of wings…

The White-M Hair-Streak (Eupsyche m-album Eu-psy'che)

Eupsyche m-album (Eu-psy'che m-al'bum) PLATE XXXIII, FIG. 5, 6 Both The upper surface of the disk of the wings is a rich, glossy, dark…

The Gray Hair-Streak (Uranotes melinus U-ra-no'tes)

Uranotes melinus (U-ra-no'tes mel'i-nus) PLATE XXXIII, FIG. 7, 8, 9 The vertex of the head and the tip of the antennæ are orange. The upper…

The Acadian Hair-Streak (Thecla acadica Thec'la)

Thecla acadica (Thec'la a-cad'i-ca) PLATE XXXIII, FIG. 10, II The upper surface of the wings is of a uniform blackish slate brown; costal…

The Banded Hair-Streak (Thecla calanus Thec'la)

Thecla calanus (Thec'la cal'a-nus) PLATE XXXIV, FIG. I, 2, 3 The upper surface of the wings is dark brown or blackish brown. There is…

The Striped Hair-Streak (Thecla liparops Thec'la)

Thecla liparops (Thec'la lip'a-rops) PLATE XXXIV, FIG. 4, 5, 6 The upper surface of the wings is uniform blackish brown; there is sometimes…

The Olive Hair-Streak (Mitoura damon Mi-tou'ra da'mon)

Mitoura damon (Mi-tou'ra da'mon) PLATE XXXIV, FIG. 7, 8, 9 The upper surface of the wings is dark brown, with the disk more or less deeply…

The Least Purple Hair-Streak (Calycopis cecrops Cal-y-co'pis)

Calycopis cecrops (Cal-y-co'pis ce'crops) PLATE XXXIV, FIG. 10, 11, 12 The upper surface of the wings is a rich blackish brown, in some…

The Brown Elfin

Incisalia augustus (In-ci-sa'li-a au-gus'tus) PLATE XXXV, FIG. I, 2, 3 Three of our Eastern hair-streaks represent the genus Incisalia…

The Hoary Elfin (Incisalia irus In-ci-sa'li-a)

Incisalia irus (In-ci-sa'li-a i'rus) PLATE XXXV, FIG. 4, 5, 6 See the preceding description.

The Banded Elfin (Incisalia niphon In-ci-sa'li-a)

Incisalia niphon (In-ci-sa'li-a ni'phon) PLATE XXXV, FIG. 7, 8, 9 See description under the brown elfin above.

The Coral Hair-Streak

Strymon titus (Stry'mon ti'tus) PLATE XXXV, FIG. 10, II, 12 The upper surface of the wings is dark brown, with or witnout an outer marginal…

The Coppers

The coppers are easily distinguished from other gossamerwinged butterflies by their orange-red and brown colors, each with a coppery tinge…

The Wanderer (AA Vein M of the fore wings)

1 5 AA. Vein M, of the fore wings arising at the apex of cell R + M.

The American Copper (CC Of medium size expanding)

CC. Of medium size, expanding about one and one-half inches. (C. thoe), p. 239. THE BRONZE COPPER.

The Wanderer (Feniseca tarquinius)

Feniseca tarquinius (Fe-nis'e-ca tar-quin'i-us) PLATE XXXVI, FIG. 1, 2 This butterfly can be readily distinguished from all other Lycænids…

The Bronze Copper

Chrysophanus thoe (Chrys-o-pha'nus tho'e) PLATE XXXVI, FIG. 3, 4 In the male the wings are coppery brown above, spotted with black, and…

The Purple Disk

LOWELL.

The American Copper (Heodes hypophl as He-o'des)

Heodes hypophlæas (He-o'des hyp-o-phlæ'as) PLATE XXXVI, FIG. 7, 8 We have in the East two very common coppers, this species and the female…

The Blues (May be distinguished)

The Blues may be distinguished from the other gossamer-winged butterflies by the slender form of the body and the blue color of the upper…

The Silvery Blue (Nomiades lygdamus No-mi'a-des)

Nomiades lygdamus (No-mi'a-des lyg'da-mus) PLATE XXXVII, FIG. 1, 2, 3 Wings above pale, glistening, frosty blue, narrowly bordered in the…

Scudder's Blue (Rusticus scudderi Rus'ti-cus)

Rusticus scudderi (Rus'ti-cus scud'der-i) PLATE XXXVII, FIG. 4, 5, 6 The eyes are naked. In both sexes the costal edge of the fore wings is…

The Spring Azure (Cyaniris ladon Cy-a-ni'ris)

Cyaniris ladon (Cy-a-ni'ris la'don) PLATE XXXVIII, FIG. 1-13 In this species the hind wings are without tails, the eyes are hairy, and the…

The Northern Spring Form

BB. The spots in the middle of the hind wing distinct. (C. ladon marginata.) THE MARGINED SPRING FORM.

The Summer Form

(1) The northern spring form, Cyaniris ladon lucia. This is more heavily marked on the lower surface than either of the other forms; the…

The Forms of the Spring Azure

BOREAL AMERICA (Labrador to Alaska).

The Tailed Blue

Everes comyntas (E-ve'res co-myn'tas) PLATE XXXVII, FIG. 7, 8, 9 The possession of taillike prolongations of the hind wings distinguishes…

The Giant Skippers (AA Head very large club)

AA. Head very large; club of antenna usually drawn out at the tip, and with a distinct recurved apical crook. In a few forms the crook of…

The Giant Skippers (Family Megathymid)

Family Megathymidæ (Meg-a-thym'i-dæ) THIS family includes a small number of large skippers, which are found in the South and far West. In…

The Cofaqui Skipper

Megathymus cofaqui (Meg-a-thy'mus cof-a-qui') The female of this species is represented by Fig. 42. The male differs in the smaller size of…

The Yucca-Borer

Megathymus yucca (Meg-a-thy'mus yuc'cæ) The female of this species differs from that of the preceding in having much darker wings, all of…

The Common Skippers

Family Hesperiidæ (Hes-pe-ri'i-dæ) THE family Hesperiidæ includes all skippers found in the United States except those already described as…

Rights & ReuseThe complete text of How to Know the Butterflies (1904) is in the public domain in the United States — like all works published before 1928 — and is free to read, download, quote, teach from, and reuse. This digital edition (its transcription, restored plates, and site design) is © 2026 PhotoOpAI, and any editorial commentary we add is clearly marked as ours; the underlying public-domain text carries no such restriction.