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Second Group (Throat black gray ashy white)

-Throat black, gray, ashy, white, whitish, brown, or buffy. I. Throat and upper breast one color, black, gray, ashy, or brown, very different from the white or yellow belly. II. Throat white or whitish, with or without streaks or spots; rest of under parts streaked or spotted with black, bluish, chestnut, or yellow. III. Under parts white, whitish, or buffy, without streaks, spots, or patches. First Group.

I. Under parts without streaks or spots. 1. Tail with conspicuous white spots or patches.

A. Wings with white wing-bars. a. Under parts entirely pure yellow. a¹. Forehead yellow; a black line through the eye; rump same as back 641. BLUE-WINGED WARBLER. a2. Crown ashy; rump yellow 657. MAGNOLIA WARBLER (Im.). b. Throat bright yellow; belly white or whitish. 61. Back olive-greenish. 671. PINE WARBLER. 62. Back bluish, with a yellowish patch in the middle. 648. PARULA WARBLER (Im.). c. Under parts pale yellowish white or buffy; throat not brighter than belly. c1. Back olive-green, slightly streaked with black. ca. Under parts pale cream-buff, stronger on the flanks. 660. BAY-BREASTED WARBLER (Im.).

WOOD WARBLERS. 3. Under parts pale yellowish white. 661. BLACK-POLL WARBLER (Im.). d1. Back olive-green, without streaks. 671. PINE WARBLER 9. e'. Back with a bluish tinge and without streaks.

B. Without white wing-bars. 658. CERULEAN WARBLER (Im.). a. Under parts bright orange or orange-yellow; wings, tail-coverts, and tail bluish gray. 637. PROTHONOTARY WARBLER. b. Under parts pure yellow; wings, rump, and tail greenish; head sometimes blackish; inner web of outer tail-feathers white. 684. HOODED WARBLER (9 and im.). c. Under parts pale yellowish; head ashy; rump olive-green; small white tail-spots, not reaching to ends of feathers. 640. BACHMAN'S WARBLER (9 and im.). d. Under parts pale yellowish; entire upper parts olive-green; a white spot at the base of the primaries. 654. BLACK-THROATED BLUE WARBLER 9. 2. Tail without white spots or patches; wings without white wing-bars. A. Cap, or forehead, or cheeks black or blackish. a. Cap black; forehead and cheeks yellow. 685. WILSON'S WARBLER. b. Band on the forehead and cheeks black or blackish; no yellow line over the eye. 681. MARYLAND YELLOW-THROAT 8. 6816. FLORIDA YELLOW-THROAT 8. • c. Forehead or crown and cheeks black or blackish; a clear yellow line over the eye. 677. KENTUCKY WARBLER.

B. No black on forehead; crown ashy, of a very different color from the olive-green back, or with the bases of the crown feathers rufousbrown or chocolate. a. Crown plain ashy; under tail-coverts white. 640. BACHMAN'S WARBLER. b. Crown ashy; bases of feathers chestnut; eye-ring distinctly white; most of under parts and under tail-coverts bright yellow. 645. NASHVILLE WARBLER. c. Crown of nearly the same color as the back; the feathers with rufous-brown bases; under parts dull greenish yellow. 646. ORANGE-CROWNED WARBLER.

C. Crown of the same color as the back; forehead the same, or yellowish, or brownish. a. Under parts bright yellow. a¹. Upper parts bright olive-green; forehead yellowish; short bristles at base of bill; tail greenish brown. 685. WILSON'S WARBLER (Im.). a2. Upper parts bright greenish yellow; inner web of tail-feathers yellow 652. YELLOW WARBLER 9. as. Upper parts ashy greenish; eye-ring white. 645. NASHVILLE WARBLER (Im.). b. Throat and breast yellow; belly white or whitish. WOOD WARBLERS. 61. A black spot before the eye and a white line over it; wing 3.00. 683. YELLOW-BREASTED CHAT. ba. Legs flesh-color; outer tail-feathers shortest; forehead sometimes brownish 681. MARYLAND YELLOW-THROAT 9. 6816. FLORIDA YELLOW-THROAT 2. 63. Legs blackish; tail-feathers even; wing under 3.00. 645. NASHVILLE WARBLER (Im.). c. Under parts uniform yellow or yellowish. c. Under parts dull greenish yellow, obscurely streaked with dusky; back ashy greenish. 646. ORANGE-CROWNED WARBLER (Im.). c2. Under parts yellowish or buffy yellowish; outer tail-feathers decidedly shortest; legs flesh-color. 681. MARYLAND YELLOW-THROAT 2. 6816. FLORIDA YELLOW-THROATQ; c. Breast somewhat yellower than rest of under parts; flanks brownish; legs blackish; tail-feathers of same length. 645. NASHVILLE WARBLER (lm.). c4. Inner margins of tail-feathers yellow. 652. YELLOW WARBLER 9. c5. Back bright olive-green; under tail-coverts white. 647. TENNESSEE WARBLER (Im.). ce. A small white spot at the base of the primaries. 654. BLACK-THROATED BLUE WARBLER 9.

II. With black or brown streaks on the breast or sides, or (in one species) a blackish brown band across the throat, or (in one species) a black patch on the breast. 1. Under parts streaked with rufous-brown.

A. Crown chestnut. a. Entire under parts rich yellow 672a. YELLOW PALM WARBLER. b. Throat and breast bright yellow; belly yellowish white. B. No chestnut crown-cap. 672. PALM WARBLER. a. Under parts yellowish white; eye-ring yellowish. 672. PALM WARBLER (Im.). b. Under parts yellow, washed with brownish; eye-ring yellowish. 672a. YELLOW PALM WARBLER (Im.). c. Under parts bright yellow; forehead yellow; inner webs of tailfeathers yellow. 652. YELLOW WARBLER (Ad.). 2. Under parts streaked or spotted with black.

A. Back unspotted, the same as the head, olive-green or olive-brown. a. Under parts pale sulphur-yellow, streaked with black; no wingbars; wing 3.00 or over. 675. WATER THRUSH. 675a. GRINNELL'S WATER THRUSH. b. Under parts bright yellow; no black streaks on the flanks; wing nearly 3.00. 671. PINE WARBLER. c. Under parts bright yellow; sides streaked with black; wing about 673. PRAIRIE WARBLER (9 and im.).

WOOD WARBLERS. d. Throat pale yellow, indistinctly spotted or streaked; belly whitish; cheeks bright yellow; outer web of outer tail-feather white at the base. 667. BLACK-THROATED GREEN WARBLER (Im.). e. Throat and breast yellow, distinctly spotted; median wing-coverts white 650. CAPE MAY WARBLER (♀ and im.).

B. Back black or streaked with black, or center of crown orange. a. Under parts pale yellow; black spots confined to sides; no white wing-bars 670. KIRTLAND'S WARBLER. b. Under parts pale yellow, indistinctly streaked with blackish; two white or whitish wing-bars. 661. BLACK-POLL WARBLER (Im.). c. Throat orange or yellow, without streaks; ear-coverts gray or black; center of crown yellowish or orange. 662. BLACKBURNIAN WARBLER. d. Under parts streaked with black; ear-coverts rufous; cap black. 650. CAPE MAY WARBLER. e. Head bluish gray or ashy; rump bright yellow; eye-ring white; white tail-spots not reaching to ends of feathers.

C. Back ashy gray. 657. MAGNOLIA WARBLER. a. Throat yellow; belly white; wing-bars and tail-spots white. a1. A yellow line from the bill to the eye. 663. YELLOW-THROATED WARBLER. a2. A white line from the bill to and over the eye. 663a. SYCAMORE WARBLER. b. Entire under parts yellow; breast with a necklace of black spots; no wing-bars or tail-spots 686. CANADIAN WARBLER.

D. Center of back brick-red; under parts yellow; sides streaked with black. 673. PRAIRIE WARBLER. 3. Throat yellow; breast with a band of copper or blackish chestnut; upper parts blue; center of back greenish yellow. 648. PARULA WARBLER. 4. Throat and forehead yellow; breast and crown-cap black. Second Group. 640. BACHMAN'S WARBLER.

I. Throat and upper breast one color, black, gray, ashy, or brown, very different from the white or yellow belly.

A. Belly white or whitish. a. Back gray or greenish gray, crown yellow, cheeks black or gray, wing-bars yellow 642. GOLDEN-WINGED WARBLER. b. Back and crown bright olive-green, cheeks yellow, wing-bars white. 667. BLACK-THROATED GREEN WARBLER. c. Back and crown dark blue, a white spot at the base of the primaries. 654. BLACK-THROATED BLUE WARBLER 8.

WOOD WARBLERS. d. Back streaked with gray and black; cap, throat, and sides chestnut. 660. BAY-BREASTED WARBLER 8. e. Back streaked with black and white, a white line through the center of the crown. 636. BLACK AND WHITE WARBLER 8. f. Back black; sides, center of wings, and base of tail salmon-red. B. Belly yellow. a. Throat black. . 687. REDSTART 8. a¹. Cheeks bright yellow, black crown-cap connected with black throat by a black line, end half of inner web of outer tail-feathers white 684. HOODED WARBLER. a2. Cheeks dull greenish yellow, black crown-cap not connected with black throat, white tail-spots not reaching to the ends of feathers 640. BACHMAN'S WARBLER. as. A black streak through the eye, wing-bars white. 641+ 642. LAWRENCE'S WARBLER. b. Throat bluish gray, ashy, or brownish. b. A white eye-ring 62. No white eye-ring 678. CONNECTICUT WARBLER. 679. MOURNING WARBLER.

II. Throat white or whitish, with or without streaks or spots; rest of the under parts spotted or streaked with black, bluish, chestnut, or yellow.

A. Back streaked with black. a. With chestnut streaks on the sides, under tail-coverts white. a1. Wing over 2.50, head with chestnut or black streaks or spots, wing-bars white 660. BAY-BREASTED WARBLER 9. a2. Wing under 2.50, head and wing-bars yellow or yellowish. 659. CHESTNUT-SIDED WARBLER. 6. With black or bluish streaks on the sides or entire under parts. 61. Cap solid black 661. BLACK-POLL WARBLER 8. 62. Crown, rump, and sides of the breast with a yellow patch or spot. 655. MYRTLE WARBLER. bs. Cap black, with a white streak through the center. 636. BLACK AND WHITE WARBLER 9. 64. Crown olive-green, with small black streaks. 661. BLACK-POLL WARBLER 9. 65. Crown blue, a bluish-black band across the breast. be. Crown brownish, under tail-coverts yellow.

B. Back without streaks or spots. a. With white or yellow spots in the tail. 658. CERULEAN WARBLER 8. 672. PALM WARBLER (Im.). a1. Wing-bars white, cheeks yellow, back greenish. 667. BLACK-THROATED GREEN WARBLER (Im.). a2, Wing-bars, cheeks, and back grayish, under tail-coverts white. 650. CAPE MAY WARBLER (9 and im.). as. Back brownish, under tail-coverts yellow. 672. PALM WARBLER (Im.).

WOOD WARBLERS. a4. Sides of breast, band in wings, and base of tail yellow. 687. REDSTART (and im.). b. Without white or yellow spots in the tail. 61. A pale rufous streak bordered by black through the center of the crown 674. OVEN-BIRD. 62. A white line over the eye, throat generally without spots, wing over 3.00, bill over 50. 676. LOUISIANA WATER-THRUSH. 63. A buffy line over the eye, throat with small black spots, wing under 3.00, bill under 50 • 675. WATER-THRUSH. 675a. GRINNELL'S WATER-THRUSH.

III. Under parts white, whitish, or buffy, without streaks, spots, or patches.

A. Tail with white or yellow spots or patches. a. Wing-bars white or grayish. a¹. Under parts pure white, back greenish yellow, cheeks gray, wing under 2.50. 659. CHESTNUT-SIDED WARBLER (Im.). a2. Under parts tinged with buffy, back and cheeks olive-green, with generally distinct black streaks, wing over 2.50. 660. BAY-BREASTED WARBLER (Im.). as. Under parts soiled whitish, back brownish or grayish green, eyering white, wing-bars grayish, wing over 2.50. 671. PINE WARBLER (9 and im.). a4. Under parts white, back streaked with pure black and white. 636. BLACK AND WHITE WARBLER 9. b. Wing-bars yellowish, greenish, or absent. 61. Back and head bright greenish yellow, cheeks gray, under parts pure white. 659. CHESTNUT-SIDED WARBLER (Im.). 62. Back, head, and cheeks yellowish green, under parts yellowish, inner margins of tail-feathers yellow. . 652. YELLOW WARBLER (Im.). 63. Back gray or grayish, a black line through the eye. 641+ 642. BREWSTER'S WARBLER. 64. Back and head brownish, wings and base of tail with a yellow band 687. REDSTART (2 and im.). 65. Back bright green, head and cheeks grayish, a small black spot in front of the eye 647. TENNESSEE WARBLER 8.

B. Tail without white or yellow spots or patches. a. Under tail-coverts yellow. 4 a¹. Back olive-green, outer tail-feathers shortest, legs flesh-color. 681. MARYLAND YELLOW-THROAT (and im.). 6816. FLORIDA YELLOW-THROAT. a2. Back grayish olive-green, tail-feathers of equal length, legs blackish 646. ORANGE-CROWNED WARBLER. b. Under tail-coverts white or whitish. 61. Head plain brown, a whitish line from the bill over the eye. 638. SWAINSON'S WARBLER. 62. Center of crown and line from the bill over the eye buffy, bordered by black stripes 639. WORM-EATING WARBLER.

WOOD WARBLERS. b3. Crown greenish, a small white spot at the base of the primaries almost concealed by wing-coverts. 654. BLACK-THROATED BLUE WARBLER (9 and im.). 64. Crown grayish, bend of the wing yellow. 640. BACHMAN'S WARBLER 9.

A FIELD KEY TO THE ADULT MALE WARBLERS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA IN SPRING AND SUMMER PLUMAGE.

I. Throat yellow, white, or whitish; under parts without streaks or patches. II. Throat black, brown, or slate-color.

III. Throat yellow or orange, under parts with streaks. (In one species a blackish-brown band across the breast.) IV. Throat white or whitish, with streaks or spots on the under parts. (In two species a yellow patch on the sides of the breast.) I. Throat yellow, white, or whitish; under parts without streaks or patches. 1. Throat yellow.

A. Length over 6.00, the largest of the Warblers; haunts dense thickets in second growth; song, a peculiar mixture of whistles, chucks, and crow-calls, delivered from the undergrowth, from the trees above, or on the wing, when the bird resembles a bunch of falling 683. YELLOW-BREASTED CHAT. leaves B. Length under 6.00. • a. Head and neck bright golden yellow like the breast; tail-feathers white, except at the tip; haunts near the water, especially low bushes and willows hanging over streams and ponds; call, a sharp peek; range, from Virginia southward. 637. PROTHONOTARY WARBLER. b. Forehead and cheeks black, a yellow line over the eye; song, a low whistled call of five to seven notes; haunts near the ground; range from lower Hudson Valley southward. 677. KENTUCKY WARBLER. c. Forehead and cheeks black, bordered by grayish; no line over the eye; haunts undergrowth; call, a frequently repeated chack; song, a loud, rapid I beseech you, I beseech you, I beseech you, or witch-e-weè-o, witch-e-weè-o, witch-e-weè-o; movements restless; abundant 681. MARYLAND YELLOW-THROAT. 6816. FLORIDA YELLOW-THROAT (Fla.). d. Head and back olive-green; wings with two white bars; outer tail-feathers white; haunts pine woods; song, a musical trill. . 671. PINE WARBLER. e. Crown bluish ash, eye-ring white; call-note sometimes like the sound produced by striking two pebbles together. 645. NASHVILLE WARBLER.

WOOD WARBLERS. f. Forehead yellow, a small black mark in front of the eye; wings with two white bars; outer tail-feathers white; song, swee-chee, the first note higher, and also wèè, chi-chi-chi-chì, chûr, chee-chur. 641. BLUE-WINGED WARBLER. g. Forehead yellow; crown-cap black; cheeks yellow; wings and tail unmarked; rather rare 685. WILSON'S WARBLER. 2. Throat white or whitish. • A. Length 5.00; crown brown or with blackish and buffy stripes. a. A conspicuous whitish line through the center of the crown, bordered by black lines; not common. 639. WORM-EATING WARBLER. b. Crown plain brown; range, North Carolina and southward. 638. SWAINSON'S WARBLER.

B. Length 4.50; crown ashy or forehead yellow. a. Forehead yellow. a¹. Breast white, with a barely perceptible tinge of yellow; wingbars white or yellow, a black mark in front of the eye; rare. b. Forehead not yellow. 641 + 642. BREWSTER'S WARBLER. 61. Breast white, crown plain bluish ashy, clearly defined from the bright olive-green back. 647. TENNESSEE WARBLER. 62. Breast whitish, tinged with yellow and indistinctly streaked with dusky; crown dull ashy, not clearly defined from the back and with a partly concealed patch of rufous-brown; very rare in the Atlantic States north of South Carolina. 646. ORANGE-CROWNED WARBLER.

II. Throat black, brown, or slate-color. 1. Belly white. 1 a. Back blue, a white spot near the outer edge of the wing; common. 654. BLACK-THROATED BLUE WARBLER. b. Back green, cheeks yellow; song, a buzzlike zee repeated five or six times, the next to last note the highest; common. 667. BLACK-THROATED GREEN WARBLER. c. Back grayish, forehead yellow, a black mark through the eye and a white line below it; a large patch of yellow on the wings; song, zee-zee-zee-zee, all on the same note; not common. 642. GOLDEN-WINGED WARBLER. d. Back black; sides of the breast, middle of the wing, and base of the tail-feathers reddish orange; movements active, tail frequently spread, the reddish color showing conspicuously; abundant. 687. REDSTART. e. Back streaked with black and white; song fine and wiry; movements like those of a Creeper; common. 636. BLACK AND WHITE WARBLER. f. Back streaked with buffy and black; forehead and cheeks black; crown-cap, throat, upper part of the breast, and sides chestnut; rather rare 660. BAY-BREASTED WARBLER 2. Belly yellow.

WOOD WARBLERS.

A. Throat slate-color; haunts near the ground. a. Breast showing traces of black, no white eye-ring; rare in most 679. MOURNING WARBLER. places. b. Breast with no traces of black, a white eye-ring; call a sharp 678. CONNECTICUT WARBLER. peek; very rare in the spring B. Throat black. a. Forehead and crown yellow, wings with white bars, a black line through the eye; very rare. 641 + 642. LAWRENCE'S WARBLER. b. Forehead and cheeks yellow, rest of the head and sides of the neck black; outer tail-feathers almost entirely white; haunts near the ground, generally in wet woods; movements active, the white tail-feathers showing conspicuously in flight; lower Hudson Val- 684. HOODED WARBLER. ley southward; common. c. Forehead yellow, a small black patch on the crown, white patches on the tail not reaching to the ends of the feathers; range, South Carolina southward 640. BACHMAN'S WARBLER.

III. Throat yellow or orange, under parts with streaks. (In one species a blackish brown band across the breast.) 1. Belly white, with or without black streaks. a. Throat rich orange; back, black streaked with white; tolerably 662. BLACKBURNIAN WARBLER. common b. Throat bright yellow, back grayish; range, Virginia southward; abundant . 663. YELLOW-THROATED WARBLER. 663a. SYCAMORE WARBLER. c. Throat yellow, with a blackish band crossing the upper part of the 648. PARULA WARBLER. breast; abundant 2. Belly yellow, with streaks or spots on the breast or sides. A. With black streaks or spots on the under parts. a. Back grayish, unstreaked; a necklace of black spots on the breast; no streaks on the sides or white on the wings or tail; common. 686. CANADIAN WARBLER. b. Back black, crown grayish, a black stripe through the eye; breast and sides streaked with black; end of tail black, a white band 657. MAGNOLIA WARBLER. across its middle; common c. Back streaked with white, center of the crown and line over the 662. BLACKBURNIAN WARBLER. eye orange d. Back greenish, streaked with black; crown black, a rufous earpatch, a white patch on the wings, rump yellow; rare. 650. CAPE MAY WARBLER. e. Back greenish, with a patch of rufous-brown; haunts second growths and old bush-grown pastures; common in some places. 673. PRAIRIE WARBLER. f. Back grayish, streaked with black; crown bluish; no conspicuous white marking on the wings; very rare in the United States. 670. KIRTLAND'S WARBLER.

WOOD WARBLERS.

B. Under parts with rufous-brown streaks. a. Crown yellow, back greenish, inner border of tail-feathers yellow; general appearance that of a yellow bird; haunts lawns, orchards, and second growths; rarely seen in deep woods; abundant 652. YELLOW WARBLER. b. Crown chestnut, back brownish, outer tail-feathers tipped with white; haunts near the ground, frequently seen along roadsides and in old fields; movements leisurely, constantly wags its tail; common 672. PALM WARBLER. 672a. YELLOW PALM WARBLER. .

IV. Throat white or whitish, with streaks or spots on the under parts. (In two species a yellow patch on the sides of the breast.) 1. A patch of yellow on the sides of the breast. a. Back grayish, streaked with black; rump and a partly concealed crown-patch yellow; note, a loud tchip, generally uttered during flight; abundant 655. MYRTLE WARBLER. b. Back brown, breast more or less spotted with black; a yellow band across the middle of wings and tail; movements active, tail frequently spread, the yellow band showing conspicuously; abundant. 687. REDSTART (Im.). 2. No yellow patch on the sides of the breast.

A. With wing-bars; back streaked with black; haunts in trees. a. Back bright blue; very rare near the Atlantic coast. 658. CERULEAN WARBLER. b. Back grayish, crown black; movements slow; abundant. 661. BLACK-POLL WARBLER. c. Back greenish yellow, crown bright yellow, sides chestnut; com- 659. CHESTNUT-SIDED WARBLER.

B. Without wing-bars; back not streaked; haunts on or near the ground; walkers, not hoppers. mon • a. Crown pale rufous, bordered by black streaks; song, aloud teacher, repeated eight or nine times and increasing in volume; common. 674. OVENBIRD. common b. Crown like the back, breast with a tinge of sulphur-yellow, an inconspicuous buffy line over the eye; bill less than 50 in length; 675. WATER THRUSH. c. Crown like the back, breast and particularly flanks tinged with buffy, a conspicuous white line over the eye; bill nearly 75 in length; a far shyer bird than the preceding; song loud and ringing; not common 676. LOUISIANA WATER THRUSH. 636. Mniotilta varia (Linn.). BLACK AND WHITE WARBLER; BLACK