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Blueback Salmon; Sockeye Salmon — Part 4
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3. The size of the teeth, those of the premaxillaries excepted.
4. The arrangement and permanence of the vomerine teeth.
5. The development or absence of teeth on the hyoid bone. In old examples these are often lost, and their absence in a species usually provided with them is not uncommon.
6. The form of the caudal fin in specimens of a given size, age or sexual development.
7. The size of the scales as indicated by counting the number of transverse rows above the lateral line. The scales in the lateral line are always more or less enlarged or irregular, and the number of scales should be counted higher up; this is one of the most constant and valuable specific characters.
8. A great development of the pectoral fins, when constant in a number of specimens from the same locality.
9. The number of vertebrae.
10. The number of pyloric coeca.
11. The number of gillrakers.
a. Vomerine teeth little developed, those on the shaft of the bone few and deciduous; sexual differences strong; breeding males with the lower jaw hooked upward, the upper jaw emarginate or perforate to receive its tip, size large; ....salar, 163
aa. Vomerine teeth well developed, those on the shaft of the bone numerous and peristent; sexual difference less marked, but similar in general character to those in Salmo salar.
b. Scales always small, 150 to 200 cross-series; a large deep red or scarlet dash on each side concealed below the inner edge of the dentary bone, this rarely obsolete; mouth large, the maxillary 1 3/5 to 2 1/4 in head; hyoid teeth usually present but very small. Size various; .........clarkii, 176
bb. Scales moderate, 130 to 180 cross-series; no red on throat; a red-dish lateral band usually present; mouth moderate, maxillary 2 in head; hyoid teeth wanting. Size very large; ...gairdneri, 190
bbb. Scales typically large, in 120 to 130 cross-series; usually no red on throat; a red or yellowish lateral band; mouth small, maxillary 2 to 2 1/2 in head; no hyoid teeth. Size moderate; irideus, 198